Which of the Following Is Not a Risk Factor for Delivering a Low-birth Weight Baby?

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• Published: 13 October 2015

Take chances factors for depression birth weight in Bale zone hospitals, South-East Ethiopia : a instance–control study

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth volume xv, Article number:264 (2015) Cite this commodity

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Abstract

Background

Low birth weight (LBW) is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibite growth and cognitive evolution and resulted chronic diseases later in life. Many factors affect foetal growth and thus, the birth weight. These factors operate to various extents in different environments and cultures. The prevalence of depression nascency weight in the study area is the highest in the country. To the investigator'due south knowledge in Bale Zone, no study has yet been washed to elucidate the risk factors for low nascency weight using example control study blueprint. This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of depression nascency weight in Bale zone hospitals.

Methods

A case–control written report design was practical from April 1st to August 30th, 2013. A total of 387 mothers (136 cases and 272 controls) were interviewed using structured and pretested questionnaire past trained data collectors working in delivery ward. For each case, 2 consecutive controls were included in the study. All cases and controls were mothers with singleton birth, full term babies, no diabetes mellitus and no hypertensive. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 statistical bundle. The association between the independent variables and dependent variable (birth weight) was evaluated through bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.

Result

Maternal historic period at delivery <20 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = three; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = i.65–5.73), monthly income <26 Usa Dollarr (USD) (AOR = 3.8; 95 % CI = 1.54–ix.41), lack of formal education (AOR = 6; 95 % CI = i.34–26.ninety), beingness merchant (AOR = 0.1; 95 %CI = 0.02–0.52) and residing in rural area (AOR = two.one; 95 % CI = i.04–four.33) were socio-economical variables associated with low nascency weight. Maternal take chances factors like occurrence of wellness issues during pregnancy (AOR = 6.three; 95 % CI = 2.75–fourteen.48), maternal body mass index <18 kg/m2 (AOR = 6.7; 95 % CI = 1.21–37.14), maternal height <one.5m (AOR = 3.seven; 95 % CI = ane.22–11.28), inter-pregnancy interval <2 years (AOR = iii; 95 % CI = 1.58–6.31], absence of antenatal care (OR = 2.9; 95 % CI = 1.23–vi.94) and history of khat chewing (AOR = 6.4; 95 % CI = two.42–17.10) and ecology factors such as using firewood for cooking (AOR = two.7; 95 % CI = i.01–vii.17), using kerosene for cooking (AOR = 8.9; 95 % CI = 2.54–31.11), wash easily with water but (AOR = two.two; 95 % CI = ane.30–3.90) and non having split kitchen room (AOR = 2.6; 95 % CI = 1.36–4.85) were associated with low birth weight.

Determination

Women who residing in rural expanse, faced wellness problems during current pregnancy, had no antenatal care follow-up and utilize firewood every bit energy source were found to be more likely to requite low birth weight babies. Improving a mother'due south awareness and practice for a healthy pregnancy needs to be emphasized to reverse LBW related bug.

Peer Review reports

Background

Depression nascence weight (LBW) is considered equally the single most important predictor of infant mortality, peculiarly of deaths inside the first month of life [one]. It is a significant determinant of baby and childhood morbidity, peculiarly of neurodevelopmental impairments such as mental retardation and learning disabilities. It is also closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibite growth and cerebral evolution and chronic diseases later on in life [ii].

More than xx meg infants worldwide, representing 16 % of all births are born with low birth weight. The level of depression nascence weight in low income countries is more than double the level in centre income countries. About 10 % of births in Oceania were low birth weight births [3, 4]. The result of the 2005/half-dozen demography and health survey written report of Zimbabwe showed that the prevalence of low nascence weight was 16 % and the prevalence varies across sex (17 % amongst females versus 13 % among males) [v].

The magnitude of LBW births are probably underestimates of the global situation considering in the developing earth a meaning proportion of infants are born at home and not registered as live births [3]. According to the 2005 Ethiopian demography and health survey, fourteen % of babies in Ethiopia were low birth weight [6]. Afterwards five years the prevalence decreased by three % and it was 11 % in 2011 [7]. The 2011 health and health related indicator in Ethiopia showed that the proportion of low nativity weight in Oromia region was 28 % followed by Gambella region which was 26 % [viii]. Based on the 2011 Ethiopian demography and health survey, Only 33.3 % of the gambela women received professional antenatal care service from health service institution and only 13.2 % of the gambela mother delivered at wellness care facility [vii]. In Oromia region, but 3.seven % of women delivered at a professional wellness care facility. Over 95 % delivered at home with all the attendant risks and complications assisted just by traditional nascence attendants and only aquarter of Oromia women (24.8 %) had received antenatal care from a professional care provider [8].

Ethiopia is known to exist among countries with very loftier maternal and child mortality rate. Even though sufficient specific data on Oromiya and Gambela are lacking, It would not exist a stretch to assume that the grim statistics would apply to the women in the 2 regions too [7].

Many factors determine the duration of gestation and foetal growth, and thus, the birth weight. They might be related to the infant, the female parent, or the physical environment and play an important role in determining the nascence weight and the future health of the infant [iii]. In different parts of the earth Studies showed that several LBW hazard factors contribute for the presence of the problem. Hypertension, weight gain during pregnancy, body size (mainly maternal pre pregnancy weight) and low social class were some of from others [9].

Nativity weight is afflicted to a bang-up extent by the mother's ain foetal growth and her diet from birth to pregnancy. Mother's poor nutrition and health, high prevalence of specific and not-specific infections, pregnancy complications, and physically demanding piece of work during pregnancy are contributes to poor foetal growth [3].

In club to prevent LBW, its main modifiable run a risk factors demand to be understood. Additionally, the interrelationships between maternal, social and cultural factors need to exist investigated. Results of the research would be critical to develop interventions aimed at modifying behaviors and other risk factors for low nascence weight. Hence, this research was aimed to identifying the socio-economic, maternal and environmental take a chance factors for low birth weight in the study expanse to design urgent and sustainable interventions.

Methods

Study setting and population

A infirmary based case control study was conducted in Bale zone from April i^st to August xxx^thursday, 2013. Bale zone is the second largest zone in Oromia regional state located in the Due south-eastern part of Ethiopia. The zone administratively divided in to 17 districts and half-dozen boondocks administration [Bale Zone administrative office 2013]. Based on bale zone wellness office report, at that place are iv authorities hospitals (Goba, Robe, Ginnir and Delomena hospitals) and 76 functional health centers, 351 functional health postal service, 179 individual clinic, ane NGO clinic, 4 other public dispensary, 95 pharmacy/drug shop, one NGO drug shop and four medical drug store in Bale zone.

All mothers who gave nascency in the 4 governmental hospitals were the source population. Mothers who gave live births weighed less than 2500 grand were considered as cases and live births weighed 2500 g and above equally controls. Mothers who had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, preterm infant and multiple births were excluded; considering those conditions are known risk factors for low nascence weight.

Sample size and sampling techniques

The sample size was adamant using the proportion difference arroyo with the assumption of 95 % confidence level (Z_α/ii = ane.96), eighty % power (Z_β = 0.84), control to example ratio 1:two (r = 2), the odds ratio to be detected ≥ 2 and the 20 % control group will exist exposed. The final sample size was 408 (136 cases and 272 controls).

The weight of all live births delivered in the four hospitals during the study period was measured. Based on the example definition those mothers who gave live births weighed less than 2500g included in the written report as cases. For each case, two consecutive controls were included.

Data collection procedure

Data was collected through face up to face interview using structured and pretested questionnaire. The questionnaire was adopted from Ethiopian health and demographic survey (EDHS) and behavioral surveillance survey (BSS) and other peer reviewed manufactures [three, 6, 7]. The questionnaire included 3 sections. The showtime section of the questionnaire was related to socio demographic background. Information obtained from this section is important because the presence of economic impecuniousness has its own influence on the nativity upshot of meaning women. The second section included questionnaire which helps to appraise the maternal condition like birth interval, number of children, maternal follow up and wellness problems every bit a cause of LBW. Questions in the third section were related to household environmental weather condition like, source of water, source of energy, personal hygiene and number of individuals in the domicile. Information from this section has peachy implication on the nascence outcome. Insufficient and unsafe h2o for meaning women contributes infection which leads to depression birth weight. The interview and anthropometric measurements were conducted past trained midwives and nurses working in labour ward.

The weight of the newborns was measured within 15 min later on nascency using a balanced Seca scale. The scale was ever checked and zeroed before weighing each newborn. Maternal height was measured against a wall height scale to the nearest centimeter. Maternal weight was measured past axle rest to the nearest kilogram and body mass index (BMI) was later calculated.

Operational definition

Birth weight

The first weight of the new-borns measured inside fifteen min after birth. Low nativity weight (cases) were those newborns weighed less than 2500g while those newborns with birth weight of 2500g and to a higher place were considered equally normal weight (controls).

Preterm birth

Information technology is a birth earlier a gestational age of 37 complete weeks.

Multiple births

Information technology refers when more than one fetus is carried to term in a unmarried pregnancy.

Data processing and statistical analysis

First the data were checked for completeness and inconsistencies. Then coded and entered to SPSS version sixteen.0 soft ware. The entered information were cleaned and edited before subsequent analysis. Summary statistics such as mean and standard difference was computed for cases and controls groups. The socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers were cross tabulated amongst cases and controls. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were done to place the relationship between the independent variables (socio-economic, maternal and environmental factors) and dependent variable (birth weight).

The socio-economic factors; maternal historic period, residence, marital status, maternal didactics, maternal occupation, husband'southward occupation, husband'southward education, monthly income and function of decision making on money how to be used were entered to the bivariate model with low birth weight. Similarly, maternal factors including; birth interval, gravida, antenatal care (ANC) follow-up, gestational age at first ANC visit, deworming during pregnancy, maternal superlative, maternal weight, maternal BMI, history of pregnancy related bug, history of alcohol drinking and khat chewing were entered in to the bivariate model. Likewise; environmental factors entered to bivariate analysis were latrine availability, average daily household h2o consumption, mothers' hand washing exercise, availability of separate kitchen room, source of drinking h2o, solid waste disposal site and water source bespeak accessibility to household.

The three sets of independent variables (socio-economic, maternal and ecology factors) that showed pregnant clan in the bivariate logistic regression assay were entered in multiple logistic regressions analysis using backward stepwise method. All statistical tests were two sided and significant association was alleged at p-value less than 0.05.

Ethical clearance letter was obtained from research review committee (ERC) of Madawalabu University. Permission letters were secured from Bale Zone Health Bureau and from the four respective hospitals. Verbal consent was obtained from each mother prior to interview. Additionally, all the information obtained from each study participant was kept confidential throughout the process of this written report.

Results

From a total of 408 sample size, 387 mothers of (129 cases and 258 controls) were included in the interviewe which fabricated the response rate of 94 % for both cases and controls.

Socio economic and maternal characteristics

Well-nigh half of mothers of the cases 51.ii % and more than ii 3rd of mothers of controls 69.iv % were in the age group of 21–35 years. Almost sixty-seven percent of mothers among cases and 53.9 % of mothers among controls were Muslim in religion. Larger proportions, 69.viii % of cases of mothers and 45.3 % of the controls mothers were housewives. About forty-six percent of mothers of LBW babies were illiterate while 15.v % of mothers of normal birth weight (NBW) babies were illiterate. Concerning monthly family unit income, relatively higher percentage of mothers of low birth weight babies 24.half-dozen % had an income less than 26$ ompared to mothers of normal nascency weight babies 7.8 % [Table 1].

Table 1 Distribution of mothers by socio demographic characteristics in Bale Zone, South east Ethiopia, August, 2013

Total size table

Nearly one-half of mothers with LBW babies fifty.8 % spaced between present and past pregnancy more than 2 years compared to mothers with NBW babies 74.7 %. 70 vi percent of mothers among cases and 82 % of mothers amidst controls had BMI of 18.five–25 kg/yard². Maternal acme, 84.five % from cases and 93.8 % from controls were greater than 150cm alpine. Amid mothers of cases 48.1 % and mothers of controls 24.8 % lived in rural part of the study area and well-nigh of mothers 93 % were currently married [Table 1].

Run a risk factors for low nascency weight

Bivariate logistic regression analyses were performed betwixt socio-economic factors of mothers and low nascency weight. The analyses revealed that maternal historic period, residence, maternal didactics, maternal occupation, married man'due south occupation, hubby's pedagogy, monthly income and participation on determination on how coin be used were statistically pregnant with depression nascence weight in the bivariate model. Those socio economic factors of the mothers which have significant clan with low nascence weight in the bivariate model were entered to multiple logistic regression analyses. The results showed that mothers who were residing in rural areas were 2 times more decumbent to deliver LBW babies than their urban counterparts (AOR = two.1; (95 % CI = 1.04–iv.33)). Those mothers with monthly income less than 26$ were four times more than likely to give LBW baby as compared to mothers with monthly income of greater than 79 $ (AOR = three.viii; (95 % CI = i.54–ix.41)). Mothers who had no formal educational activity were at higher risk to give low birth weight baby equally compared to mothers with third level of pedagogy (AOR = 6; (95 % CI = 1.34–26.90)). Mothers who were in the historic period group of less than 20 years were more likely to evangelize depression birth weight babies than those mothers in the age grouping of 21–35 years (AOR = iii.ane; (95 % CI = one.65–v.73)). Mothers who were merchant by their occupational were 90 % less probable to deliver low nascence weight babies compared to employed mothers (AOR = 0.ane; (95 % CI = 0.02–0.52)) (Table ii).

Table ii Associations between low birth weight (LBW) and socio economic factors amidst mothers in Bale Zone, Oromia regional country, August, 2013

Full size table

Similarly, bivariate logistic regression analyses were done to check the presence of meaning association between maternal factors and depression nascence weight. Equally a result; birth interval, gravida, ANC follow-up, gestational age at first ANC visit, maternal height, maternal weight, maternal BMI, history of pregnancy related issues, history of alcohol drinking and history of khat chewing were statistically associated with low nativity weight. In multiple logistic regression assay; mothers who encountered pregnancy related health problems during current pregnancy were at higher risk to deliver depression nascency weight baby than mothers who didn't encounter any health problem (AOR = 6.3; (95 % CI = two.75–14.48). The odds of low birth weight were higher among mothers who didn't nourish antenatal care for electric current pregnancy as compared to mothers who attended ANC (AOR = 2.9; (95 % CI =1.23–six.94). In the same style; mothers with nascence interval of 2 years and below between the electric current and previous birth were more likely to requite low birth weight baby than mothers who gave nascence greater than 2 years apart (AOR = 3.2; (95 % CI =ane.58–6.31)). The odds of giving LBW baby were higher among mothers with body mass index (BMI) less than 18.50kg/m² as compared to mothers with BMI greater than 25 kg/grand² (AOR = vi.7; 95 % CI = (1.21–37.14). Maternal short stature (≤150 cm) AOR = iii.7; 95 % CI = 1.22–eleven.28) and khat chewing (AOR = half dozen.4; 95 % CI =2.41–17.10) were take a chance factors for low nascence weight [Table iii].

Table iii Associations betwixt low birth weight (LBW) and maternal hazard factors among mothers in Bale Zone, South east Ethiopia, August, 2013

Full size table

The household ecology factors including latrine availability, average daily household water consumption, and mothers' hand washing practice, availability of carve up kitchen room, solid waste product disposal site and source of energy for cooking were statistically associated with LBW in the bivariate logistic regression analyses model. The multiple logistic regression results showed that; the likelihood of giving low birth weight baby was significantly higher amid mothers who were used firewood for cooking than electricity (AOR = two.7; (95 % CI = 1.00–vii.17), kerosene than electricity (AOR = viii.nine; (95 % CI = ii.53–31.11) and animal dung than electricity (AOR = 14.4; (95 % CI = 4.08–50.97)). Mothers from household which had no split up room for cooking significantly associated with depression nascence weight (AOR =2.5; (95 % CI = 1.35–6.40). Mothers who washed their hands with water merely had higher probability of giving depression nascency weight baby than mothers who washed their hands using water with soap (AOR = two.2; (95 % CI = 1.29–3.ninety) and hand washing with water and ash also found to be risky for low birth weight compared to using water with soap (AOR = 3.iii; (95 % CI = ane.05–10.29). The odds of LBW babies among mothers with daily household h2o consumption less than fifty l were college than mothers with daily household h2o consumption of 50 l and in a higher place (AOR = i.eight ;( 95 % CI =1.02–3.21) [Table 4].

Table four Associations betwixt low births weight (LBW) and Ecology factors amidst mothers in Bale Zone, South e Ethiopia, August, 2013

Full size tabular array

Give-and-take

Low birth weight can be influenced by various factors that occur prior to and during pregnancy including the household ecology conditions where the mothers live. Therefore; this written report identified the risk factors for depression nascence weight which is important for proper, firsthand and sustainable intervention to improve maternal health for meliorate pregnancy upshot [x,11].

This written report showed that some of the socio-economic weather condition affect the weight of new born negatively. In this regard, mothers who resided in rural areas were more than likely to deliver low birth weight babies. This finding is in agreement with study done in Tanzania and Bharat [12, xiii]. But This outcome is in contrast to a study done in Jimma zone, Ethiopia where the risk of delivering low birth weight babies was found to be significantly higher in those mothers who were residing in urban areas than those living in rural areas [xiv]. The difference might exist due to inadequate residual and continuous difficult working during pregnancy among mothers in rural surface area.

This study revealed that mothers who are illiterate and in lower income level were at higher risk to deliver LBW babies. Similarly, the study conducted in Nepal and Lahore showed that maternal instruction and per capita income of the family per month were found to be significantly associated with nascence weight of the new born [13, 15]. The possible explanation and implications could exist the low economic status of the mothers in the written report surface area with increased costs of living might hinder to care pregnant mothers in terms of diet and health care. Education also influences people's perceptions and dispositions towards dissimilar activities including health activities and behaviour such as proper maternal feeding practices and maternal health service utilization.

However, this written report revealed no association between occupational condition and LBW and lack of decision power on their resource utilization and LBW which is different from other previous study findings [xiii, 16]. This finding supports the previous study in Tanzania where there was no statistically pregnant difference among mothers' occupations regarding LBW of their new-borns [12].

Pregnancy is a life threatening condition in a majority of developing countries, Its anomalous consequence reduces the life expectancy of new borns and their mothers. In this study, mothers who encountered pregnancy related health problems during current pregnancy were at college gamble to deliver low nascency weight baby than mothers who didn't. This result is similar with a study done in India that showed mothers with any wellness problem during pregnancy were two times more likely to give low birth weight babies [17].

The risk of depression birth weight was higher among mothers who didn't nourish antenatal intendance for current pregnancy as compared to mothers who attended ANC. This is consistent with a report washed in Nepal which showed as birth weight was significantly associated ANC service utilization [thirteen].

Antenatal visits of the pregnant mothers are very important equally they provide chances for monitoring the fetal wellbeing and allow timely intervention for feto-maternal protection including nutritional counseling that a female parent might receive. Likewise, nativity spacing had significant clan with LBW. Mothers with birth spacing of two years and below were more than likely to evangelize low birth weight babe than mothers who delivered with birth interval of two or more years. This finding is in-line with a written report done in India that showed nascency interval of < 2 years were at higher hazard to deliver LBW infant [17]. These findings were also consistent with similar written report done in south western Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, Tanzania and Islamic republic of iran [12, 18, 19]. This could be due to the fact that brusk inter-pregnancy interval might result in inadequate replenishment of maternal nutrient stores depleted in the previous pregnancy and pb to reduced fetal growth.

We found that mothers BMI less than 18 kg/yard² and superlative less than 1.50 m were more probable to evangelize low birth weight babies. This findings were consistent with a study conducted in India which revealed that depression birth weights were significantly higher among mothers with acme <145 cm and BMI <18.5 kg/1000ⁱⁱ [17]. Information technology is also consequent with studies done in Southwestern Federal democratic republic of ethiopia and Tanzania [12, 18].

Information technology is besides consistent with some other similar report where BMI (<eighteen kg/m2) 2 times prone to deliver low birth weight babies [20]. The mean BMI <18 kg/m² were significantly college in mothers who had LBW babies compared to those who delivered NBW babies in another example control study in Iran [19]. This might be because of the fact that anthropometric measurements directly or indirectly measures nutritional status. In this instance a BMI of less than xviii indicates the presence of under-diet that reveals chronic malnutrition among adults. Hence; maternal nether-diet tin can hinder the growth and evolution of fetus in the uterus.

In this study maternal age at outset birth, history of alcohol drinkable and number of pregnancies didn't have significant associations with depression nascency weight. Just mothers who had history of Khat chewing were statistically higher at risk to deliver LBW every bit compared to mothers who didn't chew Khat.

The sources of drinking water touch on the health of the people that employ it. If toilet facilities, water sources and cooking environment are poor among mothers, it will expose them to various infections that leads to poor pregnancy outcomes. Various household environmental factors have been implicated in agin pregnancy outcomes. The combustion product of solid fuel in developing countries tin crusade many agin health effects in people. Majority of pregnant women in developing countries are heavily exposed to indoor air pollution which attributes to depression nativity weight [21]. This study showed that 63.six % of mothers with LBW babies and 74 % of mothers with NBW babies were used firewood as cooking facility in the report area. The likelihood of giving depression nascence weight baby was significantly college among mothers who were used firewood for cooking than electricity. Similarly; mothers who were used kerosene more than likely to deliver LBW babies than electricity users. This upshot supports the study washed in India, mothers who were used firewood and kerosene to cook were more probable to gave low birth weight than those who were used electricity [eleven]. It is also in agreement with another written report conducted in India that shows infants were built-in in households using kerosene, coal and biomass experienced significantly higher odds of low birth weight [22,23]. The pathology due to biomass fume exposure leads to respiratory tract infections, wheezing, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. The main component of incomplete combustion of biomass, carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin with reduced delivery of oxygen to tissues and developing fetus. This leads to low nativity weight babies and increases perinatal deaths [23, 24, 25].

In this study, mothers who didn't have separate room for cooking were more than probable to experience low birth weight babies. This could exist due to maternal exposure during meaning to smoky kitchens which is not separated from the dwelling room might effect to inhale chemicals from biomass fuels which contribute for depression birth weight and perinatal mortality [26, 27].

Decision

The findings of this study showed that the presence of significant association between the socio-economic, maternal and household environmental factors and nativity weight of the new-borns among mothers who gave nascency in Bale zone hospitals.

From socio-economical factors; non having formal education, existence a resident in rural area, maternal age less than 20 at electric current nascence and having monthly income less than 26$ were identified as take a chance factors for low nascence weight.

Absence of antenatal intendance follow-up, nativity spacing of 2 years and below, short maternal stature, maternal BMI of less than 18Kg/m², presence of pregnancy induced wellness problems and having history of Khat chewing were among maternal factors identified every bit positively associated with low birth weight.

Not having carve up room for cooking, being firewood user, being kerosene user & being animal dung user as free energy source for cooking, and lack of proper mitt washing practice such as use of water simply or h2o with ash rather than water with soap were amongst the household environmental conditions that increase the run a risk of low nascence weight baby.

This written report identified various socio economical, maternal and environmental chance factors for low birth weight. Therefore; prevention strategy for low birth weight in this area should be designed to tackle these multiple run a risk factors for low birth weight. Income generation means such as small scale enterprises should give due attention for mothers. In improver; mothers should be encouraged to use family planning method so every bit to maximize nativity intervals between subsequent births.

Health professionals should screen and consulate pregnant mothers who are at risk of having infants with LBW and ensure that women take access to essential wellness information on the causes of low birth weight. Public education and awareness on how to conduct on a healthy pregnancy. Likewise; women should be linked to the appropriate maternal health services including antenatal care and nutritional counseling services.

Community sensitization should exercise to improve household environmental conditions, where the meaning women live and work. This should be in focus of promoting to have separate kitchen from living rooms and to use non-smoky free energy sources for cooking such every bit electricity or to be away from such activities.

Abbreviations

ANC:

Antenatal care

AOR:

Adjusted odds ratio

BMI:

Torso mass index

CI:

Confidence interval

cm:

Centimeter

DHS:

Demography and Health Survey

HH:

House agree

HIV:

Homo immuno deficiency virus

Kg:

Kilo gram

thou:

Gram

IUGR:

Intra uterine growth retardation

LBW:

Low birth weight

MDG:

Millennium Development Goal

FMOH:

Federal ministry building of health

NBW:

Normal birth weight

OR:

Odds ratio

UTI:

Urinary tract infection

USD:

Usa Dollar

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgments

Nosotros would like to acknowledge Madawalabu Academy for giving us an opportunity to work on identified thematic areas and the fiscal grants. Special thanks for research and community service directorate of the University for their Valuable Guidance and follow upwardly from the initiation of the study to the final completion of the paper. We would like to thank medical directors of the four hospitals (Dellomena, Goba, Ginnir and Robe) and respective supervisors for their cooperation and assistance during data collection. Finally, we would similar to forrad our gratitude to the study participants and information collectors for their slap-up contribution for the completion of this study.

Author information

Affiliations

1. Department of Public Wellness, Higher of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madawalabu Academy, Bale, Goba, Federal democratic republic of ethiopia

   Habtamu Demelash & Achenif Motbainor

2. Department of Nursing College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madawalabu Academy, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia

   Dabere Nigatu & Ketema Gashaw

3. Department of Medicine College of Medicine and Health Science, Madawalabu University, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia

   Addisu Melese

Corresponding writer

Correspondence to Habtamu Demelash.

Additional information

Competing interests

All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

AM designed the study, adult the questionnaire and editing the final paper. AM contributed to in the designing of the study, training of data collectors and supervises the data collection process. DN designed the study, participated in the process of data collection, performed data clerk & data analysis, interpreted the result, and drafted and critically reviewed the manuscript. Hard disk participated in the evolution of the study blueprint as well every bit developing the questionnaire. He contributed in drafting and writing of the manuscript, supervised the information collection process, interpreted the consequence and reviewed the manuscript. KG contributed to the evolution of the overall study concept, design of the written report, drafted and reviewed the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Demelash, H., Motbainor, A., Nigatu, D. et al. Gamble factors for depression birth weight in Bale zone hospitals, South-East Federal democratic republic of ethiopia : a case–command study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth xv, 264 (2015). https://doi.org/ten.1186/s12884-015-0677-y

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• Received: 24 May 2014

• Accepted: 02 Oct 2015

• Published: 13 October 2015

• DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0677-y

Keywords

• Maternal risk factors
• Low nativity weight
• Environmental risk factors
• Socio economic take a chance factors

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Source: https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-015-0677-y

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